What Two Characteristics Do All Protists Have In Common?

A protist (/ˈproʊtɪst/) is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.Characteristics of Protists A few characteristics are common between protists. 1. 2. 3. 4. They are eukaryotic, which means they have a nucleus. Review 1. What do all protists tend to have in common? 2. How are protists generally classified?Protists are the most diverse organisms and they are very difficult to classify as some of them have plant like, animal like or fungus like characteristics. Though they have evolved from common ancestors , there are certain vital differences which show the...Protists are extremely diverse in terms of their biological and ecological characteristics, partly because they are an artificial assemblage of Since the unifying characteristics describe what they are NOT, rather than what they are, Protista can include almost any...eukaryotic in common, but most protists live in aquatic or moist environments. they reproduce differently, they get food differently, and they have one or many cells. Many scouting web questions are common questions that are typically seen in the classroom...

Protist Characteristics

RoyalArcana RoyalArcana. All protists have cell Nuclei that contain DNA.Protists are primarily unicellular organisms that are not plants, fungus or animals, and are classified based on how they obtain their They are members of the protista family that act like plants, although some algae are true plants. Fungus-like protists include slime...The most common use of protists is for vaccines. What do all plantlike protists have in common? They are all autotrophs, therefore they can do photosynthesis. What characteristic of protists means that their cells have a nucleus? eukaryotic. Which of these is not a characteristic common to all...Protist Definition. History of Classification. Characteristics of Protists. There is no single feature such as evolutionary history or morphology common to all these organisms and they are unofficially placed under a separate kingdom called Protista.

Difference between bacteria and protists | Difference Between

Protists and fungi are classified in kingdom Protista and kingdom Fungi, respectively. Both protists and fungi are less organized organisms when compared with plants and animals. But, both consists of membrane-bound organelles like Golgi apparatus and ER.Protista characteristics are extremely variable. All protists are eukaryotes and Most people are familiar with organisms from the more common kingdoms according to Protista characteristics are extremely broad with exceptional variation among individual...All protists are eukaryotic, meaning they feature a cellular structure with nuclei to contain their genetic material. Also called protozoans, which means "first animals," all protists prefer a moist environment and are found where there is perpetually moist soil or in...Characteristics of Protists. Although most protists are microscopic unicellular organisms, protists are a very diverse group. Many of them are in the Protista kingdom primarily because scientists don't know where else to put them. They are not plants, animals, or fungi, each of which belongs to its own...What are characteristics that all protist have in common? Protists are eukaryotes, which means their cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Most, but not all, protists are single-celled. Other than these features, they have very little in common. You can think about protists as all...

Jump to navigation Jump to search For the magazine, see Protist (magazine). ProtistTemporal range: Paleoproterozoic[a] – Present Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had'n Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Groups incorporated

Supergroups[1] and standard phyla

Archaeplastida (in part) Rhodophyta (purple algae) Glaucophyta SAR Stramenopiles (brown algae, diatoms, oomycetes, ...) Alveolata Apicomplexa Ciliophora Dinoflagellata Rhizaria Cercozoa Foraminifera Radiolaria Excavata Euglenozoa Percolozoa Metamonada Amoebozoa Hacrobia Hemimastigophora Apusozoa Opisthokonta (in section) Choanozoa

Many others;classification varies

Cladistically incorporated however traditionally excluded taxa Animalia Fungi Plantae

A protist (/ˈproʊtɪst/) is any eukaryotic organism (this is, an organism whose cells comprise a mobile nucleus) that isn't an animal, plant, or fungus. While it's most likely that protists proportion a common ancestor (the final eukaryotic common ancestor),[2] the exclusion of other eukaryotes signifies that protists do not form a natural staff, or clade.[a] So some protists is also more closely associated with animals, crops, or fungi than they're to other protists; alternatively, like algae, invertebrates, or protozoans, the grouping is used for comfort. The learn about of protists is termed protistology.[3]

The classification of a kingdom cut loose animals and vegetation used to be first proposed by way of John Hogg in 1860 as the dominion Protoctista; in 1866 Ernst Haeckel also proposed a third kingdom Protista as "the kingdom of primitive forms".[4] Originally these additionally integrated prokaryotes, but with time these could be got rid of to a fourth kingdom Monera.[b] In the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by way of Robert Whittaker in 1969, Protista was outlined as eukaryotic "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues", and the fifth kingdom Fungi was once established.[5][6][c] In the five-kingdom gadget of Lynn Margulis, the time period protist is reserved for microscopic organisms, while the extra inclusive kingdom Protoctista (or protoctists) integrated sure large multicellular eukaryotes, similar to kelp, pink algae and slime molds.[9] Others use the time period protist interchangeably with Margulis's protoctist, to encompass both single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes, together with those that form specialized tissues however do no longer fit into any of the other ordinary kingdoms.[10]

Besides their rather simple levels of organization, protists do no longer necessarily have much in common.[11] When used, the term "protists" is now considered to mean a paraphyletic assemblage of similar-appearing but numerous taxa (organic teams); these taxa do no longer have an exclusive common ancestor past being composed of eukaryotes, and have other existence cycles, trophic ranges, modes of locomotion and cellular constructions.[12][13] Examples of protists come with:[14]amoebas (including nucleariids and Foraminifera); choanaflagellates; ciliates; diatoms; dinoflagellates; Giardia; Plasmodium (which causes malaria); oomycetes (including Phytophthora, the reason for the Great Famine of Ireland); and slime molds. These examples are unicellular, even supposing oomycetes can form filaments, and slime molds can aggregate.

In cladistic systems (classifications in line with common ancestry), there are no equivalents to the taxa Protista or Protoctista, as both phrases check with a paraphyletic team that spans all of the eukaryotic tree of existence. In cladistic classification, the contents of Protista are mostly disbursed among quite a lot of supergroups: examples come with the SAR supergroup (of stramenopiles or heterokonts, alveolates, and Rhizaria); Archaeplastida (or Plantae sensu lato); Excavata (which is most commonly unicellular flagellates); and Opisthokonta (which often contains unicellular flagellates, but also animals and fungi). "Protista", "Protoctista", and "Protozoa" are therefore considered obsolete. However, the time period "protist" continues for use informally as a catch-all time period for eukayotic organisms that don't seem to be inside other traditional kingdoms. For example, the phrase "protist pathogen" may be used to denote any disease-causing organism that's not plant, animal, fungal, prokaryotic, viral, or subviral.[15]

Subdivisions

See additionally: Eukaryote § Five supergroups

The term protista used to be first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Protists have been traditionally subdivided into several groups in response to similarities to the "higher" kingdoms akin to:[4]

Protozoa These unicellular "animal-like" (heterotrophic, and once in a while parasitic) organisms are additional sub-divided based on characteristics akin to motility, such because the (flagellated) Flagellata, the (ciliated) Ciliophora, the (phagocytic) amoeba, and the (spore-forming) Sporozoa. Protophyta These "plant-like" (autotrophic) organisms are composed mostly of unicellular algae. The dinoflagelates, diatoms and Euglena-like flagellates are photosynthetic protists. Molds "Mold" typically check with fungi; however slime molds and water molds are "fungus-like" (saprophytic) protists, even supposing some are pathogens. Two separate types of slime molds exist, the mobile and acellular paperwork.

Some protists, often referred to as ambiregnal protists, have been considered to be both protozoa and algae or fungi (e.g., slime molds and flagellated algae), and names for those have been published underneath both or both of the ICN and the ICZN.[16][17] Conflicts, reminiscent of those – for instance the dual-classification of Euglenids and Dinobryons, that are mixotrophic – is an example of why the kingdom Protista was once followed.

These standard subdivisions, largely in response to superficial commonalities, have been changed via classifications in response to phylogenetics (evolutionary relatedness among organisms). Molecular analyses in fashionable taxonomy have been used to redistribute former members of this staff into diverse and now and again distantly comparable phyla. For instance, the water molds are now thought to be to be intently related to photosynthetic organisms reminiscent of Brown algae and Diatoms, the slime molds are grouped mainly beneath Amoebozoa, and the Amoebozoa itself includes only a subset of the "Amoeba" crew, and significant selection of erstwhile "Amoeboid" genera are disbursed among Rhizarians and different Phyla.

However, the older phrases are still used as informal names to describe the morphology and ecology of various protists. For example, the time period protozoa is used to consult with heterotrophic species of protists that do no longer form filaments.

Classification

See also: Kingdom (biology) § Summary Historical classifications Further data: wikispecies:Protista and wikispecies:Protoctista

Among the pioneers in the learn about of the protists, that have been almost neglected by Linnaeus apart from for some genera (e.g., Vorticella, Chaos, Volvox, Corallina, Conferva, Ulva, Chara, Fucus)[18][19] have been Leeuwenhoek, O. F. Müller, C. G. Ehrenberg and Félix Dujardin.[20] The first groups used to categorise microscopic organism have been the Animalcules and the Infusoria.[21] In 1818, the German naturalist Georg August Goldfuss offered the phrase Protozoa to check with organisms comparable to ciliates and corals.[22][4] After the cell idea of Schwann and Schleiden (1838–39), this staff was changed in 1848 by Carl von Siebold to incorporate handiest animal-like unicellular organisms, corresponding to foraminifera and amoebae.[23] The formal taxonomic category Protoctista was first proposed in the early 1860s by John Hogg, who argued that the protists should come with what he saw as primitive unicellular varieties of each vegetation and animals. He outlined the Protoctista as a "fourth kingdom of nature", in addition to the then-traditional kingdoms of vegetation, animals and minerals.[24][4] The kingdom of minerals was later got rid of from taxonomy in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel, leaving vegetation, animals, and the protists (Protista), outlined as a "kingdom of primitive forms".[25][26]

In 1938, Herbert Copeland resurrected Hogg's label, arguing that Haeckel's term Protista incorporated anucleated microbes corresponding to bacteria, which the time period "Protoctista" (actually that means "first established beings") did not. In distinction, Copeland's time period integrated nucleated eukaryotes akin to diatoms, green algae and fungi.[27] This classification was once the basis for Whittaker's later definition of Fungi, Animalia, Plantae and Protista as the 4 kingdoms of lifestyles.[7] The kingdom Protista was later modified to split prokaryotes into the separate kingdom of Monera, leaving the protists as a bunch of eukaryotic microorganisms.[5] These five kingdoms remained the accredited classification till the advance of molecular phylogenetics in the late twentieth century, when it turned into apparent that neither protists nor monera have been unmarried teams of similar organisms (they weren't monophyletic groups).[28]

Modern classifications Phylogenetic and symbiogenetic tree of residing organisms, appearing the origins of eukaryotes

Systematists today do no longer deal with Protista as a proper taxon, but the term "protist" is still regularly used for comfort in two ways.[29] The hottest fresh definition is a phylogenetic one, that identifies a paraphyletic staff:[30] a protist is any eukaryote that isn't an animal, (land) plant, or (true) fungus; this definition[31] excludes many unicellular teams, just like the Microsporidia (fungi), many Chytridiomycetes (fungi), and yeasts (fungi), and likewise a non-unicellular group incorporated in Protista in the past, the Myxozoa (animal).[32] Some systematists judge paraphyletic taxa acceptable, and use Protista in this feeling as a proper taxon (as discovered in some secondary textbooks, for pedagogical function).

The different definition describes protists basically by purposeful or organic standards: protists are necessarily those eukaryotes that are by no means multicellular,[29] that either exist as unbiased cells, or if they occur in colonies, do no longer display differentiation into tissues (however vegetative mobile differentiation might occur restricted to sexual replica, alternate vegetative morphology, and quiescent or resistant stages, akin to cysts);[33] this definition excludes many brown, multicellular purple and inexperienced algae, which may have tissues.

The taxonomy of protists remains to be converting. Newer classifications attempt to provide monophyletic teams according to morphological (especially ultrastructural),[34][35][36]biochemical (chemotaxonomy)[37][38] and DNA series (molecular analysis) knowledge.[39][40] However, there are infrequently discordances between molecular and morphological investigations; those will also be classified as two varieties: (i) one morphology, a couple of lineages (e.g. morphological convergence, cryptic species) and (ii) one lineage, more than one morphologies (e.g. phenotypic plasticity, a couple of life-cycle levels).[41]

Because the protists as a complete are paraphyletic, new techniques incessantly cut up up or abandon the dominion, as an alternative treating the protist groups as separate lines of eukaryotes. The recent scheme by way of Adl et al. (2005)[33] does no longer recognize formal ranks (phylum, elegance, etc.) and as a substitute treats teams as clades of phylogenetically comparable organisms. This is intended to make the classification more solid in the long term and easier to update. Some of the primary groups of protists, that may be handled as phyla, are listed in the taxobox, upper right.[42] Many are thought to be monophyletic, despite the fact that there may be nonetheless uncertainty. For example, the Excavata are most certainly now not monophyletic and the chromalveolates are most certainly best monophyletic if the haptophytes and cryptomonads are excluded.[43]

Metabolism

Nutrition can range in step with the kind of protist. Most eukaryotic algae are autotrophic, but the pigments have been lost in some teams. Other protists are heterotrophic, and might present phagotrophy, osmotrophy, saprotrophy or parasitism. Some are mixotrophic. Some protists that do not have / lost chloroplasts/mitochondria have entered into endosymbiontic courting with different bacteria/algae to exchange the missing functionality. For example, Paramecium bursaria and Paulinella have captured a inexperienced alga (Zoochlorella) and a cyanobacterium respectively that act as replacements for chloroplast. Meanwhile, a protist, Mixotricha paradoxa that has misplaced its mitochondria uses endosymbiontic micro organism as mitochondria and ectosymbiontic hair-like micro organism (Treponema spirochetes) for locomotion.

Many protists are flagellate, as an example, and clear out feeding can take place where flagellates to find prey. Other protists can engulf bacteria and different food particles, by means of extending their mobile membrane round them to form a meals vacuole and digesting them internally in a procedure termed phagocytosis.

Nutritional sorts in protist metabolism Nutritional sort Source of power Source of carbon Examples Photoautotrophs Sunlight Organic compounds or carbon fixation Most algae Chemoheterotrophs Organic compounds Organic compounds Apicomplexa, Trypanosomes or Amoebae

For maximum necessary cellular constructions and functions of animal and vegetation, it can be discovered a heritage amongst protists.[44]

Reproduction

Some protists reproduce sexually the usage of gametes, whilst others reproduce asexually by binary fission.

Some species, for example Plasmodium falciparum, have extremely complicated existence cycles that involve more than one forms of the organism, a few of which reproduce sexually and others asexually.[45] However, it is unclear how steadily sexual replica causes genetic alternate between other traces of Plasmodium in nature and maximum populations of parasitic protists is also clonal strains that infrequently trade genes with other individuals of their species.[46]

Eukaryotes emerged in evolution greater than 1.Five billion years ago.[47] The earliest eukaryotes have been likely protists. Although sexual replica is standard amongst extant eukaryotes, it appeared unlikely until recently, that sex is usually a primordial and basic feature of eukaryotes. A fundamental explanation why for this view used to be that sex gave the impression to be lacking in certain pathogenic protists whose ancestors branched off early from the eukaryotic circle of relatives tree. However, several of these protists are now known to be capable of, or to just lately have had the potential for, meiosis and hence sexual reproduction. For example, the common intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia used to be once thought to be to be a descendant of a protist lineage that predated the emergence of meiosis and intercourse. However, G. lamblia was once lately discovered to have a core set of genes that serve as in meiosis and that are extensively provide among sexual eukaryotes.[48] These effects suggested that G. lamblia is capable of meiosis and thus sexual replica. Furthermore, direct proof for meiotic recombination, indicative of sex, was once additionally found in G. lamblia.[49]

The pathogenic parasitic protists of the genus Leishmania have been shown to be able to a sexual cycle in the invertebrate vector, likened to the meiosis undertaken in the trypanosomes.[50]

Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic protist, isn't recognized to undergo meiosis, but if Malik et al.[51] examined for 29 genes that function in meiosis, they discovered 27 to be provide, together with 8 of 9 genes explicit to meiosis in fashion eukaryotes. These findings counsel that T. vaginalis would possibly have the ability to meiosis. Since 21 of the 29 meiotic genes had been additionally provide in G. lamblia, it appears that all these meiotic genes have been likely present in a common ancestor of T. vaginalis and G. lamblia. These two species are descendants of protist lineages that are highly divergent amongst eukaryotes, main Malik et al.[51] to signify that these meiotic genes had been likely provide in a common ancestor of all eukaryotes.

Based on a phylogenetic analysis, Dacks and Roger proposed that facultative intercourse used to be present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.[52]

This view used to be further supported by way of a learn about of amoebae by means of Lahr et al.[53] Amoeba have most often been thought to be asexual protists. However, those authors describe evidence that almost all amoeboid lineages are anciently sexual, and that the majority of asexual groups most probably arose not too long ago and independently. Early researchers (e.g., Calkins) have interpreted phenomena related to chromidia (chromatin granules unfastened in the cytoplasm) in amoeboid organisms as sexual copy.[54]

Protists most often reproduce asexually underneath favorable environmental prerequisites, but tend to breed sexually beneath hectic prerequisites, reminiscent of hunger or warmth surprise.[55] Oxidative pressure, which is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species resulting in DNA damage, also appears to be the most important factor in the induction of sex in protists.[55]

Some recurrently found Protist pathogens comparable to Toxoplasma gondii are able to infecting and undergoing asexual replica in a wide variety of animals – which act as secondary or intermediate host – however can undergo sexual replica handiest in the main or definitive host (for example: felids reminiscent of home cats in this example).[56][57][58]

Ecology

Free-living Protists occupy almost any setting that incorporates liquid water. Many protists, equivalent to algae, are photosynthetic and are vital primary manufacturers in ecosystems, specifically in the sea as part of the plankton. Protists make up a big portion of the biomass in both marine and terrestrial environments.[59]

Other protists come with pathogenic species, such as the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma brucei, which reasons dozing illness, and species of the apicomplexan Plasmodium, which motive malaria.

Parasitism: position as pathogens See also: Antiprotozoal agent and Apicomplexa § Parasitology_and_genomics

Some protists are important parasites of animals (e.g.; five species of the parasitic genus Plasmodium reason malaria in people and plenty of others purpose identical diseases in different vertebrates), plants[60][61] (the oomycete Phytophthora infestans reasons past due blight in potatoes)[62] and even of different protists.[63][64] Protist pathogens share many metabolic pathways with their eukaryotic hosts. This makes therapeutic goal building extremely difficult – a drug that harms a protist parasite may be prone to harm its animal/plant host. A extra thorough understanding of protist biology would possibly allow these diseases to be treated more successfully. For example, the apicoplast (a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast but crucial to carry out necessary functions rather than photosynthesis) present in apicomplexans provides a gorgeous target for treating sicknesses caused via dangerous pathogens corresponding to plasmodium.

Recent papers have proposed using viruses to regard infections led to by means of protozoa.[65][66]

Researchers from the Agricultural Research Service are benefiting from protists as pathogens to keep an eye on crimson imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) populations in Argentina. Spore-producing protists corresponding to Kneallhazia solenopsae (known as a sister clade or the nearest relative to the fungus kingdom now)[67] can scale back pink hearth ant populations through 53–100%.[68] Researchers have also been able to contaminate phorid fly parasitoids of the ant with the protist with out harming the flies. This turns the flies into a vector that may unfold the pathogenic protist between pink hearth ant colonies.[69]

Fossil file

Many protists have neither onerous portions nor resistant spores, and their fossils are extraordinarily rare or unknown. Examples of such teams include the apicomplexans,[70] most ciliates,[71] some inexperienced algae (the Klebsormidiales),[72]choanoflagellates,[73]oomycetes,[74]brown algae,[75]yellow-green algae,[76]Excavata (e.g., euglenids).[77] Some of those have been discovered preserved in amber (fossilized tree resin) or under extraordinary prerequisites (e.g., Paleoleishmania, a kinetoplastid).

Others are relatively common in the fossil report,[78] because the diatoms,[79]golden algae,[80]haptophytes (coccoliths),[81]silicoflagellates, tintinnids (ciliates), dinoflagellates,[82]green algae,[83]pink algae,[84]heliozoans, radiolarians,[85]foraminiferans,[86]ebriids and testate amoebae (euglyphids, arcellaceans).[87] Some are even used as paleoecological signs to reconstruct historical environments.

More probable eukaryote fossils start to appear at about 1.8 billion years in the past, the acritarchs, spherical fossils of most probably algal protists.[88] Another possible representative of early fossil eukaryotes are the Gabonionta.

See additionally

Evolution of sexual replica Marine protists Protistology

Footnotes

^ a b The first eukaryotes have been "neither plants, animals, nor fungi", therefore as defined, protists would come with the ultimate eukaryotic common ancestor. ^ Monera eventually was the domains Bacteria and Archaea.[4] ^ In the unique 4-kingdom style proposed in 1959, Protista incorporated all unicellular microorganisms comparable to bacteria. Herbert Copeland proposed separate kingdoms, Mychota for prokaryotes and Protoctista for eukaryotes (together with fungi) that were neither plants nor animals. Copeland's distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells was once ultimately important in Whittaker proposing a last five-kingdom system, even supposing he resisted it for over a decade.[7][8]

References

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Bibliography

General Haeckel, E. Das Protistenreich. Leipzig, 1878. Hausmann, Okay., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003. Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, 1990. Margulis, L., Okay.V. Schwartz. Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth, third ed. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1998. Margulis, L., L. Olendzenski, H.I. McKhann. Illustrated Glossary of the Protoctista, 1993. Margulis, L., M.J. Chapman. Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier, 2009. Schaechter, M. Eukaryotic microbes. Amsterdam, Academic Press, 2012.Physiology, ecology and paleontology Foissner, W.; D.L. Hawksworth. Protist Diversity and Geographical Distribution. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009 Fontaneto, D. Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms. Is Everything Small Everywhere? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011. Levandowsky, M. Physiological Adaptations of Protists. In: Cell body structure sourcebook : essentials of membrane biophysics. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier/AP, 2012. Moore, R. C., and other editors. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Protista, phase B (vol. 1, Charophyta, vol. 2, Chrysomonadida, Coccolithophorida, Charophyta, Diatomacea & Pyrrhophyta), phase C (Sarcodina, Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida) and phase D (Chiefly Radiolaria and Tintinnina). Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America; & Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press.

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Protista. Wikispecies has knowledge related to Protoctista. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Protista.Tree of Life: Eukaryotes A java applet for exploring the brand new higher degree classification of eukaryotes Plankton Chronicles – Protists – Cells in the Sea – video Holt, Jack R. and Carlos A. Iudica. (2013). Diversity of Life. http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/Taxa.htm. Last modified: 11/18/13. Tsukii, Y. (1996). Protist Information Server (database of protist images). Laboratory of Biology, Hosei University.[1]. Updated: March 22, 2016.vteEukaryota Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota (Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi)DiaphoretickesArchaeplastida Glaucophyta Rhodelphidia Rhodophyta PicozoaGreen algaePlantae s.s. Chlorophyta Streptophyta Chlorokybophyceae Mesostigmatophyceae SpirotaeniaCryptista Endohelea Palpitophyta Katablepharidophyta CryptophytaA+H Alveidia Haptista Centroheliozoa HaptophytaTSARSARHalvariaAlveolata Ciliates Acavomonadia Colponemidia Chromerida Colpodellida Sporozoa Perkinsozoa DinophytaStramenopiles(heterokonts) Bicosoecea Developea Hyphochytrea Ochrophyta Peronosporomycota Opalinata Pirsoniomycota Placidozoa Platysulcea SagenistaRhizaria Filosa Retaria Endomyxa TelonemiaDiscobaEolouka Jakobea TsukubeaDiscicristata Euglenozoa PercolozoaLoukozoa Ancyromonadida Malawimonadea Metamonada (Anaeromonada, Trichozoa)PodiataAmorphea(unikonts)Amoebozoa Conosa (Archamoebae, Semiconosia) Lobosa (Cutosea, Discosea, Tubulinea)Obazoa Apusomonadida BreviateaOpisthokontaHolomycota Cristidiscoidea Zoosporia Opisthosporidia True fungiHolozoa Ichthyosporea Pluriformea Syssomonas CorallochytreaFilozoa Choanoflagellates Filasterea Metazoa or AnimalsCRuMs Collodictyonidae Mantamonadidae RigifilidaHemimastigophora SpironemidaeIncertae sedis †Acritarchs †Rangeomorpha †Grypania †Gunflint microbiotaMajor kingdoms are underlined. See additionally: protist. Sources and choice perspectives: Wikispecies. vteMicrobiology: Protistology: ProtistsFormerclassifications Protozoa Mastigophora/Flagellates Sarcodina/Amoeboids Testate Heliozoa Infusoria/Ciliates Sporozoa Algae Cryptogams Thallophytes Fungus-like organisms Slime molds Ambiregnal protistsMorphologyArchaeplastidaChloroplastida "green algae": Phycoplast Phragmoplast Flagellar apparatusGlaucophytes: Cyanelles PhycobilisomesRed algae: Pit connection PhycobilisomesHacrobiaCryptophyta: Mastigonemes PeriplastHaptophyte: Coccolith HaptonemaStramenopilesGeneral: MastigonemesDiatoms: FrustuleBrown algae: Lamina PneumatocystAlveolataGeneral: Alveoli TrichocystDinoflagellates: Dinokaryon Dinocyst ThecaCiliates: Cilium Cirrus Macronucleus MicronucleusApicomplexans: Rhoptry Apicoplast MicronemeRhizariaPhytomyxea Cruciform divisionExcavateKinetoplastids: Kinetoplast GlycosomeEuglenoidea: Periplast/pellicleAmoebozoaDictyostelids: Macrocyst SorocarpOpisthokontaChoanoflagellates: Collar of microvilliGeneralLevels oforganization Unicellular Monadoid Amoeboid Coccoid Colonial s.s. Colonial flagellated Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid Sarcinoid Coenobial Filamentous/trichal/hyphal Parenchymatous Pseudoparenchymatous/plektenchymatic Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous Multinucleated Syncytial Coenocytic Siphonous Siphonocladous Multicellular s.s./tissular/histonalCell surfacestructures Simple cellular membrane Mucilage Scale Frustule Cell wall Lorica Skeleton Test Theca Periplast/pellicleLocomotion Flagellum Cilium Pseudopodia Gliding motilityMitochondria Hydrogenosome MitosomeNucleus Nucleomorph Multinucleate cells Plasmodium Dikaryon Heterokaryon Mitosis in protists Open Closed Orthomitosis Pleuromitosis Meiosis in protists Gametic Zygotic SporicOther Cyst Cytostome Fimbriae Extrusome Contractile vacuole Eyespot apparatus Pyrenoid Axostyle Mastigont machineEcology andphysiology Microbial ecology Microbial biogeography Baas-Becking speculation Development/Reproduction Life cycles Fertilization Nutrition: Autotrophy Phototrophy Heterotrophy Phagotrophy Osmotrophy Saprotrophy Parasitism Biotrophy Necrotrophy Mixotrophy Auxotrophy vteExtant lifestyles phyla/divisions by domainBacteria Acidobacteria Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes Chlamydiae Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus–Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae VerrucomicrobiaArchaea Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganismsEukaryoteProtistChromista: Heterokontophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta Ciliophora Apicomplexa Dinoflagellata Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa

Excavata:

Euglenozoa Percolozoa Jakobea Metamonada

Other:

AmoebozoaFungi Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Plant Glaucophyta Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Charophyta Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Moss Lycopodiophyta Pteridophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Pinophyta Gnetophyta Flowering plantAnimal Sponge Ctenophora Placozoa Cnidaria Xenacoelomorpha Chordate Hemichordate Echinoderm Chaetognatha Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Flatworm Gastrotricha Orthonectida Dicyemida Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Nemertea Phoronid Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida SipunculaIncertae sedisParakaryon vteAntonie van LeeuwenhoekMicroscopic discoveries 1Microscopic organisms Bacteria Ciliate Giardia Infusoria Protist Protozoa Rotifer VolvoxOthers Spermatozoa (sperm cells) Red blood cells Crystals in gouty tophiGeneral subjects Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic experiments and discoveries Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic discovery of microbial lifestyles Van Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal SocietyComparable topics Bacteriology Protozoology Protistology Spontaneous technology Preformationism Animalcule Microscopic scale Microscopic discovery of microorganisms Microscopic discovery of bacteria History of microbiology Optical microscopy History of microscopy History of the microscope Invention of the optical microscope Timeline of microscope era Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s) Golden Age of Dutch science and generation Science and era in the Dutch Republic Biology and natural historical past in the Dutch Republic Royal Society Scientific RevolutionRelated folks Clifford Dobell (Leeuwenhoek student) Brian J. Ford (Leeuwenhoek student) William Davidson Henry Oldenburg Regnier de Graaf Robert Hooke (creator of Micrographia) Nicolaas Hartsoeker Nicolas Steno Jan Swammerdam Johannes VermeerRecognitions Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis Leeuwenhoek (crater) Leeuwenhoek Lecture Leeuwenhoek Medal Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (magazine) Leeuwenhoeckia Levenhookia Leeuwenhoekiella International Microorganism Day List of folks thought to be father or mother of a scientific box List of people considered father or mother of a technical field1 First noticed, described, and studied by means of van Leeuwenhoek. Category vteLife, non-cellular existence, and similar constructionsLife Archaea Bacteria Mitochondrion Plastid Eukaryota Animalia Fungi Plantae 'Protista' Parakaryon Nanobacterium (?)Non-cellular lifeVirus

Incl.: viroids,satellites,virophages,virusoids

Realms: Duplodnaviria • Monodnaviria • Riboviria • VaridnaviriaUnassigned orders: LigamenviralesUnassigned families: Alphasatellitidae • Ampullaviridae • Anelloviridae • Avsunviroidae • Baculoviridae • Bicaudaviridae • Clavaviridae • Finnlakeviridae • Fuselloviridae • Globuloviridae • Guttaviridae • Halspiviridae • Hytrosaviridae • Nimaviridae • Nudiviridae • Ovaliviridae • Plasmaviridae • Polydnaviridae • Portogloboviridae • Pospiviroidae • Spiraviridae • Thaspiviridae • Tolecusatellitidae • TristromaviridaeUnassigned genera: Deltavirus • Dinodnavirus • RhizidiovirusOther Nanobe (?)Comparablestructures Biological darkish topic Bio-like construction Cancer mobile HeLa Clonally transmissible most cancers Cosmid Defective interfering particle Earliest recognized lifestyles paperwork LUCA Endogenous viral element Fosmid Integrative and conjugative component Phagemid Plasmid Prion Fungal prion Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu Sulphobe Ribozyme Spiegelman's Monster Tandem repeat Transposable part Retroposon Transpoviron Taxon identifiers Wikidata: Q10892 Wikispecies: Protista EPPO: 1PROTK Fossilworks: 71298 Authority keep watch over GND: 4135232-4 LCCN: sh85139670 MA: 2778330419 NDL: 00562366 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protist&oldid=1016331487"